An analysis of language teaching approaches and methods. Language teaching has a long, fascinating but rather tortuous history. The history of english language teaching methodology short article free download as pdf file. As you see, most of the methods and approaches is in the current communicative period. Discussion groups conducted by selected student chairpersons yes, and what else. Howatts 1984 overview documents the history of changes of practice in language teaching throughout history, bringing the chronology up through the direct. It is based on behaviorist theory, which postulates that certain traits of living things, and in this case humans, could be trained through a system of reinforcement. Pakistan abstract the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of various teaching methods used for teaching students at graduate level. Communicative language teaching can be understood as a set of principles about the goals of language teaching, how learners learn a language, the kinds of classroom activities that best facilitate learning, and the. In communicative language teaching clt, language teaching is based on a view of language as communication, that is, language is seen as a social tool which speakers use to make meaning. It aims to teach language by using every persons dominant intelligence. Richards, 1990, richards explains how effective language teaching involves a network of interactions between curriculum, methodology, teachers, learners, instructional materials.
Classes are taught in the students mother tongue l1, with little active use of the target language. Theories of learning and teaching what do they mean for. Allwright 1988 uses the term introspection to refer to research techniques that involve, for. Research methods in language learning by david nunan. Meaning in the target language can often be conveyed through actions. Recitation oral questions by teacher answered orally by students then what. Wilson is a professor of education and director of the center for the scholarship of teaching at michigan state university.
Richards skip to main content accessibility help we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Use the video lesson dialogue or write one based on the same format. It consisted mainly of exhaustive use of dictionaries, explanations of grammatical rules in english, some sample sentences, and exercise. A second approach to classroomcentered research is introspection. Background this approach is found in the changes in the. It focuses on the tesol professions evolving perspectives on language teaching methods in terms of three perceptible.
Of course, and, actually, in the end, it goes without saying that the communicative approach to language teaching, in the new sense, leads us al1 on into the c2 1. Techniques and principles in language teaching 3rd edition. Instruction in this style of language teaching is in the. This article traces the major trends in tesol methods in the past 15 years.
The question of the nature, and even the possibility, of a sound historical method is raised in the philosophy of history as a question of epistemology. David nunan language teaching methodology a textbook for teachers. Language is used in a social context and should be appropriate to setting, topic, and participants. Tefl methodology teaching english as foreign language. Method is an overall plan for the orderly presentation of language material. Throughout the history of reading instruction, phonics, like other methods. Any given method is only as effective as its implementation. Language teaching methodology a textbook for teachers. Retention is enhanced when learners respond physically. In other words, language teaching is far more complex than producing cars. These concerns have existed in public education for over three hundred years. Pdf active learning and teaching methods for key stages. Communicative language teaching a functional approach since 1970s. It is the students job to repeat as accurately as they can the teacher s model.
Communication involves using language functions as well as grammar structures. Grammar translation view video this approach was historically used in teaching greek and latin. Through that time,new approaches and methods have been tried and. The primary goal of language teaching is enabling students to use the language to communicate. The history of english language teaching methodology short. An approach is a set of correlative assumptions dealing with the nature of language teaching and learning. In this work, a methodology model is proposed to develop and implement foreign language teaching modules in both teaching modes which is strongly based on stateoftheart methods for second.
The discussion will be exemplified with reference to grammartranslation method and communicative language teaching methodology. Effective teaching methods at higher education level dr. Pdf modern approaches and methods in teaching english. Grammar rules are taught through presentation and explicit instruction. Pdf the thesis aims to identify which, if any, of the most influential language teaching. Moreover, despite the considerable attention accorded here to the english language, the comrnunicative approach has universal application. It was like a brainstorming of language teaching history. Pdf fashions in language teaching methodology researchgate. An approach to language teaching is something that reflects a certain model or research paradigm a theory, if you like. Based on my experience as an efl teacher and researcher, i attempt to provide a critical analysis of the theorys five main hypotheses and the applicability of. This chapter focus on methods as the identifying characteristics of a century of modern language teaching efforts. Methodologies adapted in earlier days communication is the groundwork ba. Introduction clil is a methodology of teaching languages in such a.
Principles and practices in language teaching the grammartranslation method the grammartranslation method also known as the classical method is a method of language teaching that emphasizes grammar rules and onetoone vocabulary translation. The first step toward developing a principled approach to language teaching will be to turn back the clock about a century to learn from the historical cycles and trends that have brought us to the present day. Krashens theory seems to be attractive to many language teachers all over the world. The approach was generalized for teaching other languages. Six key strategies for teachers of english language learners the new teacher center ntc was established in 1988 at the university of california at santa cruz, with the goal of supporting new k12 teachers and administrators during their first two years in the profession. A method, on the other hand, is a set of procedures, i. Language teaching methodology encompasses such methods as the direct. The students native language is maintained as the reference system in the acquisition of the second language. Shahida sajjad assistant professor department of special education university of karachi. Language learners are passive in language learning and teachers are regarded as an authority, i.
A brief history of language teaching, the grammar translation method 1. Approaches and methods for foreign language teaching. This history has been formulated mainly in terms of diverse teaching methods, each of which has attempted to find more effective and efficient. David nunan language teaching methodology a textbook. Characteristics and principles of communicative language. Class discussion conducted by teacher and what else. The audiolingual method, army method, or new key, is a method used in teaching foreign languages. The communicative language teaching clt method was found to be the most preferred method of teaching english language. Changes in language teaching methods throughout history have reflected recognition of changes in the kind of proficiency learners need, such as a move toward oral proficiency rather than reading, comprehension as the goal of language study. This paper will discuss the statement approaches to language teaching can be characterised as the emphasis on certain design features at the expense of others. The language teaching matrix 185 pages, 05287949, 97805287941, the language teaching matrix, cambridge university press, 1990, jack c.
The role of phonics in reading instruction q uestions regarding the nature, extent, and role of phonics instruction in beginning reading programs are not a modern phenomenon. The recent history of clil is presented via brief data on some countries as well as via activities on european level. We can say that there was a fight of showing who has the best way of teaching language. This collection provides an overview of current app. Feelings of success and low anxiety facilitate learning. Historical method historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past. Following the definition and the goals of this new discipline within applied linguistics. In this chapter an attempt is made to interpret and evaluate the methods that have. Six key strategies for teachers of englishlanguage learners. British council survey of policy and practice in primary.
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